Synergies: A way to respond to the complexity of climate change Paula Ellinger da Fonseca, Regional Climate Change Manager at Fundación Avina, joins the Low Emission Development Strategies Latin America and Caribbean (LEDS LAC) annual event and is inspired to hear of the many possible synergies between climate adaptation and mitigation actions.

How the private sector can help Nepal's hydropower sector adapt to climate change CDKN’s partners report on a workshop on private sector engagement in Nepal’s hydroelectricity sector organised by the Nepal Development Research Institute (NDRI) and Practical Action Consulting (PAC) under the CKDN supported project ‘Acting on Adaptation in the Hydroelectricity Sector’.

Shifting from ‘Intended’ to ‘Implemented’ - What’s required for the INDCs? CDKN has supported the development of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for the Paris climate summit, in nine developing countries. Ben Bostock, Helen Picot and Kiran Sura of CDKN reflect on the strong ambitions of these submissions – and their varying levels of detail, which suggest that some INDCs may be readier for implementation than others.

Extreme weather found to affect 60% of small businesses in Kigali, Rwanda There is little knowledge on how small businesses are coping with the impacts of climate change and extreme weather. adelphi and the Institute for Policy Analysis and Research have conducted a survey on how small businesses in Kigali, Rwanda are being affected by recurrent flooding in the region. This snapshot by Christian Kind and Dr. Aime Tsinda highlights the work so far.

Increasing access to climate finance for small and medium businesses The capacity for micro, small and medium enterprises to realise their potential role in climate action is restricted by a lack of access to climate finance. Ellie Marsh and James Eustace of Dalberg discuss the response required.

How can National Climate Change Funds mobilise resources more effectively? National Climate Change Funds have received mixed success in mobilising climate finance. Ellie Marsh and James Eustace of Dalberg discuss the CDKN-commissioned tool that looks at the sustainability of these funds and suggest key steps that will help in mobilising further resources.

Better infrastructure, better growth Oliver Willmott from PwC's Sustainability & Climate Change team investigates how the next wave of infrastructure must be responsive and resilient to the Megatrends reshaping the 21st Century, and looks at how we can realise the full potential of infrastructure to deliver inclusive development and protect natural and social capital.

The added value of the Adaptation Fund after the Paris climate summit Marcia Levaggi, Manager of the Adaptation Fund Board’s Secretariat, on the innovative approach of the Adaptation Fund to capitalising on the carbon market, and the Fund’s potential following COP21.

OUTLOOK: Indonesia Special Edition CDKN is convening decision-makers to test and explore the concept of climate-compatible development, particularly in the energy sector and at province, district and city level in Indonesia. This edition of Climate and Development Outlook takes a tour of CDKN's programme throughout this diverse country.

Mandy Barnett on climate adaptation projects as a framework for investment Mandy Barnett of the South African National Biodiversity Institute on how climate adaptation projects should form the basis of a framework of investment and how National Implementing Entities - the organisations accredited to receive money from the Adaptation Fund - can benefit their home countries.

What counts? Understanding where we stand on climate finance Smita Nakhooda of ODI sheds clarity on the different ways of counting climate finance flows - with some pointers that could help policy-makers get to grips with this contentious issue.